We often think of oral health as separate from overall health, but the two are intricately connected. Gum disease, specifically gingivitis, is a prime example of this connection, highlighting how neglecting your gums can have far-reaching consequences.

What is Gingivitis?

Gingivitis is a common form of periodontal (gum) disease characterized by inflammation of the gums. It’s a non-destructive type of gum disease, but if left untreated, it can progress to periodontitis, a more severe form that can lead to tooth loss. Gingivitis affects:

Gums: The soft tissues surrounding your teeth.
Alveolar Bone: The bone that supports your teeth.

Symptoms of Gingivitis:

Bleeding Gums: Bleeding when you brush or floss is a common early sign.
Red, Swollen Gums: Healthy gums are typically pink and firm; inflamed gums appear red and swollen.
Gum Recession: Gums may start to pull away from the teeth.
Bad Breath: Persistent bad breath (halitosis) can be a sign of gum disease.
Tenderness: Gums may be tender or painful to the touch.
Loose Teeth: In advanced stages (periodontitis), teeth may become loose.

The Link Between Gingivitis and Overall Health:

The inflammation associated with gingivitis isn’t just limited to your mouth. Research suggests a link between gum disease and several systemic health conditions, including:

Heart Disease: Inflammation from gum disease may contribute to the development or progression of heart disease.
Stroke: Some studies suggest a link between gum disease and an increased risk of stroke.
Diabetes: Gum disease can make it harder to control blood sugar levels, and diabetes can increase the risk of gum disease, creating a vicious cycle.
Respiratory Infections: Bacteria from the mouth can be inhaled into the lungs, potentially contributing to respiratory infections like pneumonia.
Dementia: Some research suggests a possible link between gum disease and an increased risk of cognitive decline and dementia. While correlation has been shown, the precise nature of this link is still being investigated.
Pregnancy Complications: Gum disease during pregnancy has been linked to premature birth and low birth weight.

Who is at Risk?

While anyone can develop gingivitis, certain factors increase the risk:

Poor Oral Hygiene: The primary cause is the buildup of plaque, a sticky film of bacteria, on the teeth.
Hormonal Changes: Women are particularly susceptible during puberty, pregnancy, menopause, and while taking hormonal contraceptives, as hormonal fluctuations can make gums more sensitive to bacteria.
Smoking: Smoking weakens the immune system and makes it harder for gums to heal.
Diabetes: As mentioned above, diabetes increases the risk of gum disease.
Certain Medications: Some medications can reduce saliva flow, which can increase the risk of gum disease.
Genetics: Some people are genetically predisposed to gum disease.
Crooked Teeth: Difficult to maintain good oral hygiene.

Prevention and Treatment:

Excellent Oral Hygiene:
- Brush twice a day with a soft-bristled toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste.
- Floss daily to remove plaque and food particles from between your teeth.
- Consider using an antimicrobial mouthrinse.
Regular Dental Visits: See your dentist for professional cleanings and check-ups at least twice a year, or more frequently if recommended. During these visits, the hygienist will remove plaque and tartar (hardened plaque) that you can’t remove with brushing and flossing alone.
Healthy Diet: Limit sugary foods and drinks, which contribute to plaque buildup.
Foods: green teas, and whole grain breads help.

By understanding the connection between oral health and overall well-being, and by taking proactive steps to prevent and treat gingivitis, you can protect not only your smile but also your overall health.

By Alexander Ash, DDS

Dr. Ash is the founder of Studio Dental Care. He earned his Doctorate at the University of Maryland School of Dentistry, followed by two General Residencies at New York-Presbyterian / Weill-Cornell Hospital and the UCLA Sepulveda VA Hospital.